Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental health disorders affecting children and adults. The tell-tale signs of inattention, fidgeting, excessive talking and impulsiveness lead to challenges in daily life, with symptoms often appearing in children between the ages of 3-12 years old.

All kids struggle to sit still or wait for their turn, but children with ADHD struggle more than their peers. While children may outgrow ADHD symptoms, there’s no cure for the disorder, and it may continue through adulthood.

ADHD is not just a childhood problem. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be diagnosed later in life, with many adults having found ways to adapt or work around their symptoms.

Causes and risk factors of ADHD diagnosis

The cause of ADHD is unknown, but research shows that genetics may impact the probability of developing ADHD. Premature delivery, low birth weight, brain injury and exposure to alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy may also be possible causes.

If ADHD is left untreated, children and adults may experience low self-esteem, depression and negative consequences in school or work.

Diagnosis of ADHD

Symptoms such as having a short attention span and higher activity level are normal behaviors for developing children. If you're concerned that your child may have ADHD, the first step is to speak with your child’s pediatrician and review the symptoms.

A mental health professional or a primary care provider can make an ADHD diagnosis through an assessment. There is no single ADHD test to determine a diagnosis, and many of the symptoms are also signs of other conditions, like anxiety and sleep disorders.

Test for ADHD:

Certain criteria need to be met for an ADHD diagnosis:

• ADHD test for children: Have six or more symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity in various settings for more than six months.
  
• ADHD test for adults (age 17 years or older): Have five or more symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.

Types of ADHD

No two cases of ADHD are alike, however there are three subtypes of ADHD, including:

Hyperactive impulsive

The major presenting symptoms are hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Inattentive

Main symptoms include inattentiveness and lack of focus.

Combined inattentive/hyperactive impulsive

Symptoms fall equally under hyperactivity and inattentiveness.

ADHD Treatment

ADHD can be managed with a personalized treatment plan. This normally includes a combination of medication and behavioral therapy. Medication – while it may not work for everyone – can help improve attention and concentration. It won’t improve other symptoms like disorganization, poor time management and forgetfulness. Therapy can help teach coping strategies and address emotional issues.

ADHD treatment for children

Parents and caregivers will need to work closely with their child’s pediatrician and care team to establish a treatment plan that works best for their child. In children younger than 6 years old, behavioral therapy for both the child and caregiver is recommended before trying medication.

• Medication: Prescription stimulants – the most common form of medication for ADHD – are prescribed by a doctor. While medication is a common way to manage ADHD, it can have some negative side-effects such as lack of appetite, trouble sleeping, headaches, nausea and anxiety. Your child’s doctor can adjust the type and dose of medication to help with any negative side effects. As your child grows, their medication and dose will be adjusted accordingly.
  
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy: During therapy, children are given the tools to improve their self-control and self-esteem. Parents also learn how to reinforce positive behavior with their kids.
  
• School support: A supportive school environment can help children succeed academically and most children with ADHD qualify for support services. Examples include flexibility with test-taking, more breaks throughout the day and help with organizing work.

ADHD treatment for adults

In addition to finding the right balance of medication and therapy, adults may benefit from:

• Regular exercise: Physical activity improves concentration and burns extra energy that leads to impulsiveness. It also improves focus and attention by boosting the brain’s dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin levels.
  
• Better sleep: People with ADHD often have trouble falling asleep, are restless and struggle with waking up in the morning. Establishing a regular sleep schedule can benefit attention, focus and mood.
  
• Healthy diet: Many with ADHD struggle with meal planning and eat at random times, often going hours without having a meal or a snack. Avoiding junk food and limiting caffeine and sugar can help stabilize blood sugar levels and help with sleep.
  
• Mindfulness meditation: Relaxing techniques, like meditation and yoga, can help calm the mind and decrease impulsivity.

Is ADHD treatment for life?

ADHD does not go away with treatment – it's a lifelong condition. With medication, therapy and healthy habits, once you discover a management plan that works best for you or your child, you may stick with it for years, adjusting when necessary. While some children do outgrow ADHD symptoms, many will continue treatment into adulthood.